Why do first borns have a higher IQ?

First-born children's thinking skills outperform their siblings because they receive more mental stimulation from their parents in their early years, research suggests. First borns score higher than their siblings in IQ tests as early as age one, the study has found.

ed.ac.uk - First borns have mental edge, study shows | The University of Edinburgh

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First-born children’s thinking skills outperform their siblings because they receive more mental stimulation from their parents in their early years, research suggests. First borns score higher than their siblings in IQ tests as early as age one, the study has found. Although all children received the same levels of emotional support, first-born children received more support with tasks that developed thinking skills.

Explaining birth order effect

Researchers say the findings could help to explain the so-called birth order effect when children born earlier in a family enjoy better wages and more education in later life. Economists at the University of Edinburgh, Analysis Group and the University of Sydney examined data from the U.S. Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a dataset collected by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Nearly 5,000 children were observed from pre-birth to age 14. Every child was assessed every two years. The tests included reading recognition, such as matching letters, naming names and reading single words aloud and picture vocabulary assessments. Information was also collected on environmental factors such as family background and economic conditions.

Observing parental behaviour

Researchers applied statistical methods to economic data to analyse how the parental behaviour of the child was related to their test scores. The researchers then used an assessment tool, the Home Observation Measurement of the Environment, to observe parental behaviour, including pre-birth behaviour, such as, smoking and drinking activity during pregnancy, and post-birth behaviour, such as, mental stimulation and emotional support. The findings showed that advantages enjoyed by first born siblings start very early in life – from just after birth to three years of age. The differences increased slightly with age, and showed up in test scores that measured verbal, reading, math and comprehension abilities.

Differences in mental stimulation

Researchers found that parents changed their behaviour as subsequent children were born. They offered less mental stimulation to younger siblings also took part in fewer activities such as such as reading with the child, crafts and playing musical instruments. Mothers also took higher risks during the pregnancy of latter-born children, such as increased smoking. Our results suggests that broad shifts in parental behaviour are a plausible explanation for the observed birth order differences in education and labour market outcomes. Dr Ana Nuevo-Chiquero School of Economics

Link to research - http://jhr.uwpress.org/content/early/2016/11/01/jhr.53.1.0816-8177.full.pdf+html)

School of Economics - http://www.ed.ac.uk/economics

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Who do first borns look like?

There's an old theory that says first-born babies were genetically predispositioned to look more like their father. It was believed this was so the father accepted the child was his and would provide and care for them.

kiindred.co - Do first-born babies actually look more like their fathers? - Kiindred

There’s an old theory that says first-born babies were genetically predispositioned to look more like their father. It was believed this was so the father accepted the child was his and would provide and care for them. There’s also another theory that says it was so he didn’t eat the baby… These theories obviously date way, way back, long before paternity tests existed (or cannibalism was frowned upon). But even today, all new parents can’t help but look at their baby and wonder, who does it look like? It’s often one of the first things people will comment on when they meet a little one for the first time.

But is there actually any truth to the theory at all?

A 1995 study from the University of California sought to prove the theory by matching photos of 1-year-old children with pictures of their father. The study asked 122 participants to match photos of children at 1-year, 10-years and 20-years with photos of both their mothers and fathers. In infants, just under 50% guessed correctly for the fathers, as opposed to around 37% for the mothers. The success rates decreased significantly in 10-year-olds and rose slightly again in 20-year-olds. A similar study in 2004 with a much larger sample size found that, in fact, most infants resemble both parents equally. In concluding the study, co-author and psychologist at the University of Padova in Italy Paola Bressan noted that to the best of her knowledge, “no study has either replicated or supported” the findings from the 1995 study that stated babies resemble their fathers.

But even though the science isn’t there to back up the theory, why do so many of us say it rings true, that firstborns do tend to look more like their father?

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