Photo: Rahul Pandit

Is PDA serious?

A large PDA is dangerous because blood flow to the lungs isn't as controlled as it should be, leading to problems with the lungs and heart. PDA is most common in premature infants.

chop.edu - Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia

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What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

Before a baby is born, his blood flow is different than in older children and adults: most blood bypasses his lungs. An extra blood vessel (passageway) called the ductus arteriosus (DA) allows blood from the right side of the heart to flow to the aorta, one of the largest arteries, and back out into the body without going through the lungs. After the baby is born and begins to breathe, the flow of blood to the lungs increases across the pulmonary artery, and the ductus arteriosus usually closes within a few days. In children with the congenital heart disease patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), the ductus arteriosus doesn't close. Sometimes the open passageway is wide (a large PDA) and sometimes it's narrow (a small PDA). A large PDA is dangerous because blood flow to the lungs isn't as controlled as it should be, leading to problems with the lungs and heart. PDA is most common in premature infants.

Signs and symptoms of patent ductus arteriosus

Symptoms vary depending on the size of the PDA. Patients with a tiny or small PDA usually have no symptoms. Symptoms in patients with a larger PDA include: Breathing difficulties soon after birth (especially in premature babies) Heart murmur: the heart sounds abnormal when a doctor listens with a stethoscope

Rapid breathing

Difficulty feeding and poor growth

Lung infections (pneumonia)

Testing and diagnosis of PDA

Treatment for patent ductus arteriosus

Small PDAs often close on their own, so some patients may not require any treatment. If your child has a larger PDA, your doctor might recommend that the PDA be closed. In premature babies in whom the condition may be dangerous, doctors may give medicines to help close the PDA. If the PDA does not close or narrow significantly in response to medicine, an interventional procedure or surgery to close the PDA may be necessary. In most cases, a PDA can be closed during a cardiac catheterization procedure. During this procedure, an interventional cardiologist will insert a thin tube (catheter) through a vein and/or artery in the leg, then guide it in and around the heart. A tiny device is then inserted to block the PDA. Children often go home the same day as this procedure, though some may spend one night in the hospital, in CHOP’s dedicated post-catheterization recovery unit, before returning home. They will also need to rest for the next few days, but then can resume normal activity. In the most complex cases of PDA, surgery may be required. Cardiothoracic surgeons at CHOP will use stitches or clips to close the PDA, typically through an incision in between the ribs on the left side of the chest.

Outlook for PDA

Because of enormous strides in medicine and technology, today most children with patent ductus arteriosus go on to lead productive lives as adults.

Follow-up care for PDA

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Do Theatres have cameras inside?

"PVR as an organisation accords the highest standards with respect to the privacy of our patrons. Our multiplexes have CCTV cameras installed as per the Indian government directives/guidelines in designated areas such as the foyer and exit areas (which is basically the lounge/ waiting area).

hindustantimes.com - No PDA policing in cinemas, but debate goes on - Hindustan Times

Over the past few days, social media reports claimed that PVR Cinemas have decided to install night vision cameras inside their theatres to keep a watch over public display of affection (PDA). Even as the chain denies the rumour, the big 'khullam khulla' debate has turned talk of the town yet again, thanks to this buzz. "PVR as an organisation accords the highest standards with respect to the privacy of our patrons. Our multiplexes have CCTV cameras installed as per the Indian government directives/guidelines in designated areas such as the foyer and exit areas (which is basically the lounge/ waiting area). We abide by the guidelines of the State and maintain a transparent stance on surveillance policies," said Brig AK Gulati, advisor security and safety for PVR, refuting the rumours.

Most movie-goers are heaving a sigh of relief.

Most movie-goers are against the installation of night vision cameras inside the theatre but there are few who supports the move "Thank God that's not happening. The thought of someone watching me while I'm watching a movie is creepy. What's wrong if I hold hands with someone? Isn't watching a movie, say on a date, supposed to be an intimate experience that cinemas must respect?" says Vidhi Arora, 25. Another movie regular, Sarit Chugh, 26, adds, "If this were implemented, I'm sure they'd lose half their audience. And trust." Others, though, feel 'Lights! Camera! Action!' means different things to different couples- and some of it may not be pleasing for the rest of the visitors. "I agree it is an invasion of people's privacy, but if this is what it takes to stop people from their gross display of overt affection in the dark of movie halls, I'm all for it," says Smita Ghosh, 18, a Delhi University student.

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