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Is ADHD passed on by the mother?

Family analysis of 38 individuals who carried these mutations and 41 of their offspring revealed that children of mothers who had one of the mutations -- and, therefore, had impaired serotonin production -- had a 1.5- to 2.5-time higher risk of ADHD than control individuals or offspring of fathers with the mutations.

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"Serotonin is a hormone and transmitter that performs a broad range of physiological functions in the human body," the authors write as background information in the article. "In addition to its transmitter function in the mature nervous system, serotonin has an important role during development"; it is involved in the formation and differentiation of neurons, their migration to their proper position and the arrangement of the synapses between them. The human genome encodes two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of serotonin; previous studies have suggested alterations in these genes or enzymes in pregnant females could result in birth defects. Anne Halmøy, M.D., of University of Bergen, Norway, and colleagues studied 459 adult outpatients with ADHD, 97 of their family members and 187 control individuals recruited from across Norway. Participants provided blood samples for gene sequencing along with information about psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms. By sequencing 646 individuals, the researchers identified nine different mutations, of which eight were significantly associated with impaired function of the enzymes. Family analysis of 38 individuals who carried these mutations and 41 of their offspring revealed that children of mothers who had one of the mutations -- and, therefore, had impaired serotonin production -- had a 1.5- to 2.5-time higher risk of ADHD than control individuals or offspring of fathers with the mutations. There was a large variance in the number and severity of symptoms reported by these individuals, suggesting that for offspring of mothers with these mutations, "the clinical outcome probably depends on a sum of many different genetic or environmental factors in addition to variations in maternal serotonin levels." The results may have public health implications, the authors note. "Whether it is caused by genetic vulnerability, chronic inflammation, malnutrition or other processes, maternal serotonin deficiency during pregnancy might predispose to neuropsychiatric disorders and cardiovascular illnesses," they conclude. "However, further replication studies, preferably in larger samples, will be required to corroborate this relationship." This study was supported by the Research Council of Norway, Western Norway Regional Health Authority and the University of Bergen.

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What signs can win a fight?

3 Zodiac Signs That Will Always Win an Argument Capricorn. No one keeps calm, cool and collected during conflict like a Capricorn. ... Scorpio. To know a Scorpio is to receive a deep kind of love, and to remain distantly acquainted with a Scorpio is to feel a deep intimidation. ... Virgo.

No one keeps calm, cool and collected during conflict like a Capricorn. The legendary Dolly Parton even made Capricorn's ability to always come out on top into a meme. “Me, after I win an argument,” she captioned a photo of herself in cap and gown. And even before she posted this, we knew that if there’s anyone who could convince Jolene not to take her man, it’s obviously Capricorn Dolly. One of the best ways to win an argument is to come into it with clear, logical thoughts. Is it necessary to get a PhD in whatever you’re trying to prove? No, but Capricorns aren’t afraid of going that extra mile and they always do their research. Ruled by discipline planet Saturn, our sea goat GOATs know how to use restrictions to their advantage, always pushing boundaries without going over the limit. When going up against an iconic Capricorn scholar, make sure you come with notes or you won’t stand a chance.

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