How do you discipline a child with PDA?

Use a collaborative, respectful communication style. Allow the child a sense of control and be prepared to negotiate (start high and allow the child to feel that he has won). Visual timetables can help to depersonalise demands. Allow the child extra time to process what is said to them.

goodschoolsguide.co.uk - Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) - The Good Schools Guide

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Find the best school for your child

Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) is characterised by an extreme avoidance of everyday demands and an anxiety-driven need to be in control. PDA is recognised as a sub-type of autism by the National Autistic Society and is sometimes known as Extreme Demand Avoidance. Prof Elizabeth Newson first documented PDA as a ‘Pervasive Developmental Disorder’ in the 1980s. Pervasive developmental disorders are now slowly being assimilated under the diagnosis of autism. Children with PDA share many of the social communication, social interaction and sensory difficulties seen within the autism spectrum. The main symptom of PDA involves obsessive resistance of demands. This can include:

refusing

giving excuses

distracting or changing the topic of conversation

negotiating or needing to have the last word

bombarding with repetitive questions or noises

withdrawing into fantasy world

complaining of physical impairment - 'my legs won't work'

panic-driven physical outbursts or meltdowns.

Children with PDA can also suffer from:

Appearing sociable on the surface but without depth of understanding: Children will often appear charming and more socially able than a child with typical autism, but will struggle to understand the subtleties of social interaction on a deeper level. The sociability is often used as a strategy to refuse a request or demand, but as they lack a deeper social understanding they may overpower, overreact or be unable to take responsibility for their actions. Excessive mood swings: Parents often describe children with PDA as unpredictable or 'Jekyll and Hyde' as they can be charming at one moment and angry or distraught at another. Triggers for rapid mood swings are often in response to a perceived demand or feelings of not being in control.

Children with PDA often:

engage in a level of pretend play not commonly seen in typical autism. have an ability to mimic and take on the roles of others. This is often used as a means of taking control or avoiding demands. In extreme cases role-play can be confused with reality.

Obsessive behaviour

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Passionate interests and obsessions are not uncommon in individuals on the autism spectrum. However, with PDA the obsession tends to be more social in nature, often about a particular person. They may also consider themselves at the same level as an adult as they tend not to recognise social hierarchy and their place within it.

Why schools can make things worse

School is an environment full of demands in which PDA children can struggle and become anxious, often failing to reach their potential. It is important that parents and schools work collaboratively to help support them as much as possible. Children with PDA can appear verbally competent. However, as a result of slower processing they frequently fail to understand everything that is being said to them. Some children are unable to comply at school and spend a great deal of energy trying to gain control or avoid demands. This can be misinterpreted as the child not wanting to engage rather than a symptom of their spiralling anxiety. They can have panic-driven physical outbursts which can lead to fixed term or permanent exclusions. Others may appear to be compliant at school but become more challenging when they get home. The pressure of 'putting on an act' takes its toll and they can suffer extreme meltdowns. School refusal can be a result of the anxiety they suffer.

What schools and parents can do to help

Try to remain calm and non-confrontational. The meltdown can be likened to a panic attack, so reassurance and a calm approach rather than recriminations or punishment is likely to be more effective.

Avoid direct demands like 'you need to’, ‘you've got to’.

Provide choices, such as 'would you like to put your shoes on here or there?'

Communicate in a more collaborative way, 'Would you?’, ‘Could you?'

Directly praise the child to another person within their earshot if they struggle to accept praise directly. Acknowledge and empathise with the child’s feelings and reflect this back to them, like 'I think you are struggling; just do your best'.

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Use humour or distraction.

Look for signs of anxiety and know when to scale back demands.

Be prepared to negotiate.

Limit the number of boundaries and allow the child to feel in control wherever possible.

Identify triggers and plan strategies in advance.

Use written requests or visual prompts to depersonalise the demand, like texts or notes.

What strategies can schools use?

Allocate a key worker with whom the child can build up a trusting relationship.

Provide choices, like 'this work sheet or that one?'

With knowledge of the child, notice when demands need to be reduced but also when expectations can be increased.

Use a collaborative, respectful communication style.

Allow the child a sense of control and be prepared to negotiate (start high and allow the child to feel that he has won).

Visual timetables can help to depersonalise demands.

Allow the child extra time to process what is said to them.

Give the child responsibility for little jobs to help improve self-esteem.

Build the curriculum around special interests.

Create a safe space they can go to when needed.

Be prepared to wipe the slate clean over and over again.

Further information

The National Autistic Society, the PDA Society, and the Elizabeth Newson Centre

Simple Strategies for Supporting Children with Pathological Demand Avoidance at School, 2015. Zoe Syson, Emma Gore Langton Understanding pathological demand avoidance syndrome in children: A guide for parents, teachers and other professionals, Phil Christie, Margaret Duncan, Ruth Fidler and Zara Healy

With thanks to Cathy May, specialist coach for autism, ADHD and PDA

goodschoolsguide.co.uk - Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA) - The Good Schools Guide

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